Alveolarization
Substitution of
an alveolar phoneme for a labial or linguadental phoneme.
/tӕn/ for “pan”
/don/ for “bone”
/bӕs/ for “bath”
Assimilation (Harmony)
Alteration of
a consonant phoneme that is influenced by, and becomes more like, a surrounding
phoneme:
/bԑb/ for “bed”
/dɅn/ for “gun”
/gԑnk/ for “thank”
Backing
Substitution
of a more posteriorly produced phoneme for an anteriorly produced phoneme:
/kɑp/ for “top”
/bok/ for “boat”
/hup/ for “soup”
Cluster Reduction
/pen/ for “plane”
/tɅk/ for “truck”
/sip/ for “sleep”
Coalescence
Substitution
of a single phoneme that is different from two adjacent target phonemes yet
takes on features of the target.
/fok/ for “smolle”
/tufe/ for “Tuesday”
/lӕθ/ for “last”
Deaffrication
Substitution
of a fricative for an affricate phoneme:
/ʃIp/ for “chip”
/peʒ/ for “page”
/ʃIz/ for “cheese”
Denasalization
Substitution
of a homorganic stop (similar place of articulation) for a nasal phoneme:
/do/
for “no”
/bӕd/
for “man”
/sIg/
for “sing”
Depalatalization
Substitution
of an alveolar fricative or affricate for a palatal fricative or affricate.
/dʒu/ for "cue"
/wɑts/ for “wash”
/fIs/ for “fish”
Diminutization
Addition of
/i/ or consonant + /i/:
/lԑli/ for “leg”
/hӕti/ for “hat”
/mɑImi/ for “my”
Doubling
Repetition of
a word:
/gogo/ for “go”
/dӕdӕ/ for “dad”
/mimi/
for “me”
Epenthesis
Insertion of a new phoneme:
/bəlu/
/sθop/
/kləlɚ/ for "color"
Final Consonant Deletion
Deletion of final consonant:
/kʌ/
/dɑ/
/pu/ for “pool”
Fronting
Substitution of a more anteriorly produced phoneme:
/su/ for “shoe”
/frɔd/
/tӕndI/ for “candy”
Gliding
Substitution of a glide for a liquid:
/pwey/ for “play”
/wʌn/
/jԑwo/ for “yellow”
Initial Consonant Deletion
Deletion of the initial singleton consonant
/ʌp/ for "cup"
/ӕn/ for “man”
/ul/ for “pool”
Labilization
Substitution of a labial phoneme for a phoneme produced with the
tip of the tongue:
/bɔg/
/hӕf/ for “hat”
/fʌn/ for "fun"
Metathesis (Spoonerism)
/bəskԑtI/
/fɑʊlə/
/lIkstIp/ for “lipstick”
Reduplication
Repetition of a complete or incomplete syllable:
/wɑwɑ/
/dɑdɑ/
/wӕwӕ/ for “wagon”
Stopping
Substitution of a stop for a fricative or affricate:
/top/ for “soap”
/kӕt/ for “catch”
/pʌdl/
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